Belogradchik – Bulgaria, 22 – 25 September 1994

  • 13th meeting
  • Local organizers: Eva Bujorova, Valentin Velkov (Astronomical Observatory Varna).
  • 57 participants from 8 countries: Belgium (1), Bulgaria (32), Germany (7), the Netherlands (3), Romania (4), Serbia (3), Slovakia (5) and Ukraine (2).
  • 15 presentations (11 lectures) all of which were given in the Proceedings.
  • IMC 1994 Proceedings (ISBN 978-2-87355-006-6): 89 pages (eds. André Knöfel, Paul Roggemans).
  • Contents: Perseids 1994 – Geminids 1993 – zenith correction factor – analysis of video meteors – astrometry using Photo-CD – fireball observing from satellites.
  • Participation fee 85 Euro.

In the past, IMC locations were selected taking into account the relative accessibility for the vast majority of IMC participants. The large group of very active observers in the Balkans was a positive factor in having the 1994 IMC in Bulgaria. The longer travel distance turned out to be no real problem for many IMC veterans from western Europe. The warm hospitality of the Bulgarian organizers remains unforgettable. An adventurous excursion into a cave without electric lights, but with impressive prehistoric wall paintings, and the view of the old Belogradchik Castle in the soft twilight, are some beautiful memories of the 1994 IMC.

Acknowledgement: We thank Axel Haas and Casper ter Kuile for providing photographs for this overview of the 1994 IMC.


The Proceedings of the International Meteor Conference, Belogradchik 1994.

The Proceedings of the International Meteor Conference, Belogradchik 1994.

Arrival from l.to r. Jürgen Rendtel, André Knöfel, Sirko Molau, Casper ter Kuile and Marc Gyssens (credit Axel Haas).

Arrival from l.to r. Jürgen Rendtel, André Knöfel, Sirko Molau, Casper ter Kuile and Marc Gyssens (credit Axel Haas).

At the railway station (credit Casper ter Kuile).

At the railway station (credit Casper ter Kuile).

The dining room at the 1994 IMC (credit Casper ter Kuile).

The dining room at the 1994 IMC (credit Casper ter Kuile).

The IMC host, on the stairs from l.to r.Ralf Koschack,??, Jürgen Rendtel, André Knöfel, Marc de Lignie and Marc Gyssens (credit Casper ter Kuile).

The IMC host, on the stairs from l.to r.Ralf Koschack,??, Jürgen Rendtel, André Knöfel, Marc de Lignie and Marc Gyssens (credit Casper ter Kuile).

Many young Bulgarian meteor observers participated, in front Ivelina Momcheva and Radostina Todorova (credit Axel Haas).

Many young Bulgarian meteor observers participated, in front Ivelina Momcheva and Radostina Todorova (credit Axel Haas).

A typical local market (credit Axel Haas).

A typical local market (credit Axel Haas).

Eva Bujorova at the overhead projector, Jürgen Rendtel is watching at right (credit Axel Haas).

Eva Bujorova at the overhead projector, Jürgen Rendtel is watching at right (credit Axel Haas).

During a presentation (credit Axel Haas).

During a presentation (credit Axel Haas).

Marc Gyssens at left and Jürgen Rendtel at right during a lecture (credit Axel Haas).

Marc Gyssens at left and Jürgen Rendtel at right during a lecture (credit Axel Haas).

A lecture (credit Casper ter Kuile).

A lecture (credit Casper ter Kuile).

During a break, at right Marc Gyssens, near the centre Felix Bettonvil (credit Casper ter Kuile).

During a break, at right Marc Gyssens, near the centre Felix Bettonvil (credit Casper ter Kuile).

The audience (credit Casper ter Kuile).

The audience (credit Casper ter Kuile).

Marc de Lignie showing interesting applications on PC (credit Casper ter Kuile).

Marc de Lignie showing interesting applications on PC (credit Casper ter Kuile).

From l.to r. Ralf Koschack, ??, ??, Rainer Arlt, ??, Manuela Trenn, Valentin Grigore, ??, André Knöfel and Jürgen Rendtel (credit Casper ter Kuile).

From l.to r. Ralf Koschack, ??, ??, Rainer Arlt, ??, Manuela Trenn, Valentin Grigore, ??, André Knöfel and Jürgen Rendtel (credit Casper ter Kuile).

The audience, in the middle Ralf Koschack and Axel Haas, at right Miroslav Znasik, Daniel Ocenas, Peter Zimnikoval and Pavol Rapavy (credit Casper ter Kuile).

The audience, in the middle Ralf Koschack and Axel Haas, at right Miroslav Znasik, Daniel Ocenas, Peter Zimnikoval and Pavol Rapavy (credit Casper ter Kuile).

Sirko Molau explains (credit Casper ter Kuile).

Sirko Molau explains (credit Casper ter Kuile).

From l.to r. Ralf Koschack, Jürgen Rendtel, Casper ter Kuile (bottom), André Knöfel, Peter Zimnikoval and Manuela Trenn (credit Axel Haas).

From l.to r. Ralf Koschack, Jürgen Rendtel, Casper ter Kuile (bottom), André Knöfel, Peter Zimnikoval and Manuela Trenn (credit Axel Haas).

Exchanging presents (credit Axel Haas).

Exchanging presents (credit Axel Haas).

Daniel Ocenas, Pavol Rapavy, Eva Bujorova and Peter Zimnikoval (credit Axel Haas).

Daniel Ocenas, Pavol Rapavy, Eva Bujorova and Peter Zimnikoval (credit Axel Haas).

The poster session (credit Axel Haas).

The poster session (credit Axel Haas).

The posters of the Romanian team (credit Casper ter Kuile).

The posters of the Romanian team (credit Casper ter Kuile).

Sirko Molau at the poster session (credit Axel Haas).

Sirko Molau at the poster session (credit Axel Haas).

Some of the posters (credit Casper ter Kuile).

Some of the posters (credit Casper ter Kuile).

Daniel Ocenas, Jaroslav Gerbos, Anna Levina, Ivelina Momcheva and Peter Zimnikoval (credit Axel Haas).

Daniel Ocenas, Jaroslav Gerbos, Anna Levina, Ivelina Momcheva and Peter Zimnikoval (credit Axel Haas).

Andrei Grischenyuk, Anna Levina, Jaroslav Gerbos, Daniel Ocenas, Pavol Rapavy and Miroslav Znasik (credit Axel Haas).

Andrei Grischenyuk, Anna Levina, Jaroslav Gerbos, Daniel Ocenas, Pavol Rapavy and Miroslav Znasik (credit Axel Haas).

IMC organizer Eva Bujorova (credit Axel Haas).

IMC organizer Eva Bujorova (credit Axel Haas).

First line : Dilyana Antonova, Slavomir Gospodinov, Valentin Velkov Second line : Stefan Markov, Dinko Mironov, Diana Tisheva, Doychin Dotsinsky, Anton Antonov, Kalin Petrov, Maya Ilieva, Irena Stavreda, Alexandar Shopov, Yulia Varbanova, Violeta Atanasova, Krum Cvetkov. Third line: Valentin Grigore, Calin Alexandru, Danut Ionescu, Manuela Trenn, Rainer Arlt, Anna Levina, Ralf Koschack, Peter Zimnikoval, Jaroslav Gerbos, Pavol Rapavy. Fourth line : Lilia Porojanova, Felix Bettonvil, Marc de Lignie, Sirko Molau, Axel Haas, Miroslav Znasik, Daniel Ocenas, Radostina Todorova, Ivelina Momcheva, Diana Nedeva, Dimitar Margaritov. Top : Andrey Grishchenyuk, Jürgen Rendtel, Vasile Micu, Marc Gyssens, Branislav Savic, Vladimir Lukic, Dragana Okilic and Ivanka Getsova. at right Hristo Brachkov and Eva Bojurova (credit Casper ter Kuile).

First line : Dilyana Antonova, Slavomir Gospodinov, Valentin Velkov Second line : Stefan Markov, Dinko Mironov, Diana Tisheva, Doychin Dotsinsky, Anton Antonov, Kalin Petrov, Maya Ilieva, Irena Stavreda, Alexandar Shopov, Yulia Varbanova, Violeta Atanasova, Krum Cvetkov. Third line: Valentin Grigore, Calin Alexandru, Danut Ionescu, Manuela Trenn, Rainer Arlt, Anna Levina, Ralf Koschack, Peter Zimnikoval, Jaroslav Gerbos, Pavol Rapavy. Fourth line : Lilia Porojanova, Felix Bettonvil, Marc de Lignie, Sirko Molau, Axel Haas, Miroslav Znasik, Daniel Ocenas, Radostina Todorova, Ivelina Momcheva, Diana Nedeva, Dimitar Margaritov. Top : Andrey Grishchenyuk, Jürgen Rendtel, Vasile Micu, Marc Gyssens, Branislav Savic, Vladimir Lukic, Dragana Okilic and Ivanka Getsova. at right Hristo Brachkov and Eva Bojurova (credit Casper ter Kuile).

First line : Stefan Markov, Dinko Mironov, Diana Tisheva, Doychin Dotsinsky, Anton Antonov, Kalin Petrov. Seated behind : ??, Lilia Porojanova, Valentin Grigore, Felix Bettonvil, Andrey Grishchenyuk, Marc de Lignie, Sirko Molau, Manuela Trenn, Rainer Arlt. Standing André Knöfel and Jürgen Rendtel (credit Casper ter Kuile).

First line : Stefan Markov, Dinko Mironov, Diana Tisheva, Doychin Dotsinsky, Anton Antonov, Kalin Petrov. Seated behind : ??, Lilia Porojanova, Valentin Grigore, Felix Bettonvil, Andrey Grishchenyuk, Marc de Lignie, Sirko Molau, Manuela Trenn, Rainer Arlt. Standing André Knöfel and Jürgen Rendtel (credit Casper ter Kuile).

Calin Alexandru, Danut Ionescu, Manuela Trenn, Rainer Arlt, Anna Levina, Ralf Koschack, Peter Zimnikoval. Seated behind : Felix Bettonvil, Marc de Lignie, Sirko Molau, Axel Haas, Daniel Ocenas, Radostina Todorova. Top : Andrey Grishchenyuk, Jürgen Rendtel, André Knöfel, Branislav Savic, Marc Gyssens, Vladimir Lukic, Dragana Okilic (credit Casper ter Kuile).

Calin Alexandru, Danut Ionescu, Manuela Trenn, Rainer Arlt, Anna Levina, Ralf Koschack, Peter Zimnikoval. Seated behind : Felix Bettonvil, Marc de Lignie, Sirko Molau, Axel Haas, Daniel Ocenas, Radostina Todorova. Top : Andrey Grishchenyuk, Jürgen Rendtel, André Knöfel, Branislav Savic, Marc Gyssens, Vladimir Lukic, Dragana Okilic (credit Casper ter Kuile).

First line : ??, Stefan Markov, Dinko Mironov, Diana Tisheva. Seated behind : ??, Lilia Porojanova, Valentin Grigore, Felix Bettonvil, Andrey Grishchenyuk (credit Casper ter Kuile).

First line : ??, Stefan Markov, Dinko Mironov, Diana Tisheva. Seated behind : ??, Lilia Porojanova, Valentin Grigore, Felix Bettonvil, Andrey Grishchenyuk (credit Casper ter Kuile).

In front Slavomir Gospodinov, Maya Ilieva, Irena Stavreda, Alexandar Shopov, Yulia Varbanova, Violeta Atanasova, Krum Cvetkov. second row : Anna Levina, Ralf Koschack, Peter Zimnikoval, Jaroslav Gerbos, ??, ??. Last row Daniel Ocenas, ??, Ivanka Getsova, ??. Standing at right Pavol Rapavy and Eva Bujorova. Standing behind : Vladimir Lukic, Dragana Okilic (credit Casper ter Kuile).

In front Slavomir Gospodinov, Maya Ilieva, Irena Stavreda, Alexandar Shopov, Yulia Varbanova, Violeta Atanasova, Krum Cvetkov. second row : Anna Levina, Ralf Koschack, Peter Zimnikoval, Jaroslav Gerbos, ??, ??. Last row Daniel Ocenas, ??, Ivanka Getsova, ??. Standing at right Pavol Rapavy and Eva Bujorova. Standing behind : Vladimir Lukic, Dragana Okilic (credit Casper ter Kuile).

The photographers at work (credit Axel Haas).

The photographers at work (credit Axel Haas).

The photographers at work (credit Casper ter Kuile).

The photographers at work (credit Casper ter Kuile).

Taking a complete group photo at an IMC is almost impossible as many people take their own group picture (credit Axel Haas).

Taking a complete group photo at an IMC is almost impossible as many people take their own group picture (credit Axel Haas).

First line : Dilyana Antonova, Slavomir Gospodinov, Valentin Velkov Second line : Stefan Markov, Dinko Mironov, Diana Tisheva, Doychin Dotsinsky, Anton Antonov, Kalin Petrov, Maya Ilieva, Irena Stavreda, Alexandar Shopov, Yulia Varbanova, Violeta Atanasova, Krum Cvetkov. Third line: Valentin Grigore, Calin Alexandru, Danut Ionescu, Manuela Trenn, Rainer Arlt, Anna Levina, Ralf Koschack, Peter Zimnikoval, Jaroslav Gerbos, Pavol Rapavy. Fourth line : Lilia Porojanova, Felix Bettonvil, Marc de Lignie, Sirko Molau, Axel Haas, Miroslav Znasik, Daniel Ocenas, Radostina Todorova, Ivelina Momcheva, Diana Nedeva, Dimitar Margaritov. Top : Andrey Grishchenyuk, Jürgen Rendtel, Vasile Micu, Marc Gyssens, Branislav Savic, Vladimir Lukic, Dragana Okilic and Ivanka Getsova. at right Hristo Brachkov and Eva Bojurova (credit Casper ter Kuile).

First line : Dilyana Antonova, Slavomir Gospodinov, Valentin Velkov Second line : Stefan Markov, Dinko Mironov, Diana Tisheva, Doychin Dotsinsky, Anton Antonov, Kalin Petrov, Maya Ilieva, Irena Stavreda, Alexandar Shopov, Yulia Varbanova, Violeta Atanasova, Krum Cvetkov. Third line: Valentin Grigore, Calin Alexandru, Danut Ionescu, Manuela Trenn, Rainer Arlt, Anna Levina, Ralf Koschack, Peter Zimnikoval, Jaroslav Gerbos, Pavol Rapavy. Fourth line : Lilia Porojanova, Felix Bettonvil, Marc de Lignie, Sirko Molau, Axel Haas, Miroslav Znasik, Daniel Ocenas, Radostina Todorova, Ivelina Momcheva, Diana Nedeva, Dimitar Margaritov. Top : Andrey Grishchenyuk, Jürgen Rendtel, Vasile Micu, Marc Gyssens, Branislav Savic, Vladimir Lukic, Dragana Okilic and Ivanka Getsova. at right Hristo Brachkov and Eva Bojurova (credit Casper ter Kuile).

From l.to r.Marc de Lignie, Felix Bettonvil, Sirko Molau, Axel Haas and Jürgen Rendtel (credit Casper ter Kuile).

From l.to r.Marc de Lignie, Felix Bettonvil, Sirko Molau, Axel Haas and Jürgen Rendtel (credit Casper ter Kuile).

Manuela Trenn and Rainer Arlt (credit Axel Haas).

Manuela Trenn and Rainer Arlt (credit Axel Haas).

IMC participants in the city (credit Axel Haas).

IMC participants in the city (credit Axel Haas).

View on the city (credit Axel Haas).

View on the city (credit Axel Haas).

View on the city (credit Casper ter Kuile).

View on the city (credit Casper ter Kuile).

Eva Bujorova as guide on the bus for the excursion (credit Axel Haas).

Eva Bujorova as guide on the bus for the excursion (credit Axel Haas).

A church (credit Axel Haas).

A church (credit Axel Haas).

Sightseeing (credit Casper ter Kuile).

Sightseeing (credit Casper ter Kuile).

A church (credit Axel Haas).

A church (credit Axel Haas).

Jürgen Rendtel during the sightseeing (credit Axel Haas).

Jürgen Rendtel during the sightseeing (credit Axel Haas).

Old remnants of a glorious past (credit Axel Haas).

Old remnants of a glorious past (credit Axel Haas).

Meteor observers sleep by daylight, Ralf Koschack gives the example (credit Axel Haas).

Meteor observers sleep by daylight, Ralf Koschack gives the example (credit Axel Haas).

The sunlit landscape (credit Axel Haas).

The sunlit landscape (credit Axel Haas).

The local landscape (credit Casper ter Kuile).

The local landscape (credit Casper ter Kuile).

The local landscape (credit Axel Haas).

The local landscape (credit Axel Haas).

The local landscape (credit Casper ter Kuile).

The local landscape (credit Casper ter Kuile).

Dragana Okolic (credit Axel Haas).

Dragana Okolic (credit Axel Haas).

Marc de Lignie admiring the landscape (credit Casper ter Kuile).

Marc de Lignie admiring the landscape (credit Casper ter Kuile).

??, Ivelina Momcheva and Ivanka Getsova (credit Axel Haas).

??, Ivelina Momcheva and Ivanka Getsova (credit Axel Haas).

Vladimir Lukic and Dragana Okolic (credit Axel Haas).

Vladimir Lukic and Dragana Okolic (credit Axel Haas).

Marc de Lignie and Casper ter Kuile (credit Casper ter Kuile).

Marc de Lignie and Casper ter Kuile (credit Casper ter Kuile).

The local landscape (credit Axel Haas).

The local landscape (credit Axel Haas).

At the entrance of the cave (credit Axel Haas).

At the entrance of the cave (credit Axel Haas).

Relaxing during the excursion (credit Axel Haas).

Relaxing during the excursion (credit Axel Haas).

Entering the cave (credit Axel Haas).

Entering the cave (credit Axel Haas).

Inside the cave (credit Axel Haas).

Inside the cave (credit Axel Haas).

Prehistoric wall paintings (credit Axel Haas).

Prehistoric wall paintings (credit Axel Haas).

Inside the cave (credit Axel Haas).

Inside the cave (credit Axel Haas).

Prehistoric wall paintings (credit Axel Haas).

Prehistoric wall paintings (credit Axel Haas).

Inside the cave (credit Axel Haas).

Inside the cave (credit Axel Haas).

A power stone presentation (credit Axel Haas).

A power stone presentation (credit Axel Haas).

In the cave, from l.to r.Daniel Ocenas,Felix Bettonvil, Jaroslav Gerbos, Ralf Koschack, Jürgen Rendtel and André Knöfel (credit Axel Haas).

In the cave, from l.to r.Daniel Ocenas,Felix Bettonvil, Jaroslav Gerbos, Ralf Koschack, Jürgen Rendtel and André Knöfel (credit Axel Haas).

The informal evening (credit Axel Haas).

The informal evening (credit Axel Haas).

The informal evening Felix Bettonvil (background), André Knöfel, Ralf Koschack, Marc Gyssens, Manuela Trenn and Jürgen Rendtel (credit Axel Haas).

The informal evening Felix Bettonvil (background), André Knöfel, Ralf Koschack, Marc Gyssens, Manuela Trenn and Jürgen Rendtel (credit Axel Haas).

The informal evening (credit Axel Haas).

The informal evening (credit Axel Haas).

The informal evening, Rainer Arlt in front, Ivanka Getsova and Valentin Velkov in the middle (credit Axel Haas).

The informal evening, Rainer Arlt in front, Ivanka Getsova and Valentin Velkov in the middle (credit Axel Haas).

The informal evening ??, Manuela Trenn, ?? and ?? (credit Axel Haas).

The informal evening ??, Manuela Trenn, ?? and ?? (credit Axel Haas).

Jürgen Rendtel, Marc Gyssens and André Knöfel (credit Axel Haas).

Jürgen Rendtel, Marc Gyssens and André Knöfel (credit Axel Haas).

The informal evening: Dragana Okolic and Vladimir Lukic (credit Axel Haas).

The informal evening: Dragana Okolic and Vladimir Lukic (credit Axel Haas).