Meteor Beliefs Project
About the Project
Established during the second half of 2002, the Meteor Beliefs Project was announced in early 2003. Its purpose is quite simple in essence, but potentially far-reaching and open-ended in practice. What we would like is that anyone with information to share should contact us with their favourite literary, poetic, mythological or folkloric references to meteors. Items submitted are then either re-edited as elements of compilation articles, or presented in longer pieces in a suitable format under the authorship of the contributor or in collaboration with the Project coordinators, and under the general Meteor Beliefs Project banner. All contributors are fully acknowledged, whatever the case. Publication so far has been primarily in the IMO's journal WGN, but online versions of many of the articles are now available, and a CD-ROM with all the published articles through to the end of 2007 is now available. At the end of 2005, we introduced a new strand, "Meteoric Imagery in SF", to feature meteoric objects as portrayed in films and TV programmes. At the same time, we also began collecting notes on meteor-related contemporary song lyrics, and both aspects continue.
Notes for contributors
When you send us your material, we need to know exactly where the reference came from, giving as much detail as possible, and including things such as specific line numbers for poems and plays, or dates, places and people for oral tales you have collected, for example. The information should be sufficient to allow any future investigator to easily find and confirm your report for written items, or to give confidence in the accuracy of oral sources.
To help better communicate with an international audience, we will need an English translation of whatever you send, but in some cases, you may feel that an original-language version should also be presented (perhaps where poetic scansion cannot be properly represented in English). If there are particular problems with words or concepts that cannot be translated into English, please make this clear. If you are unsure, contact us to discuss such things first. If you need to send material using characters not in the standard American-English ASCII computer character set, please send a hard copy by ordinary mail and not by e-mail, as this will likely cause problems and delays.
We welcome constructive comments and ideas for anything connected with this Project, as well as individual items as already outlined. If you think we've missed something in an earlier article, or if you've found a variant translation you think is interesting, let us know. We are far from infallible!
If you are not sure about what you have found, send us the material anyway, and please do not be concerned that your item may duplicate someone else's. We would rather get some material we cannot use, or several repetitions of the same thing, than miss the chance to bring to light some long-forgotten or potentially important item. In all cases, we are relying on you to help us move the Project forwards!
Articles already published
Note that all articles in this list published before January 2006 are now freely available online as full-text PDFs from the Harvard ADS abstract service. A low-cost CD-ROM with PDF versions of all the articles to December 2007 is available for purchase, which also includes a short file of corrections and additional cross-references.
- Project introduction (includes general Project notes as outlined on this page, a bibliography of previous meteor beliefs material published in IMO sources, plus some quotes from John Milton, Thomas Gray, Alfred Lord Tennyson, Edgar Allan Poe and Piers Anthony), WGN 31:2, 2003 April, pp. 55-58.
- Three meteoric similes in Apollonius of Rhodes' "Argonautica", WGN 31:3, 2003 June, pp. 99-100.
- Meteoric imagery in three of William Shakespeare's plays ("Richard II", "Hamlet" and "Julius Caesar"), WGN 31:4, 2003 August, pp. 121-123.
- Meteoric references in Ovid's "Metamorphoses" (concerning Phaethon, Hersilia and Caesar), WGN 31:5, 2003 October, pp. 145-147.
- Meteor-dragons special, comprising four articles, with three guest authors (Vesna Slavkovic, Eva Bojurova and Elizabeth A Warner): on the European meteor-dragon's possible origins; on the Serbian meteor-dragon; on the Bulgarian Zmey; and on meteors and comets as dragons in Russian folk belief. WGN 31:6, 2003 December, pp. 189-198.
- 'Meteor' and related terms in English usage, WGN 32:1, 2004 February, pp. 35-38.
- Some humorous meteoric items for the Project's first anniversary (a modern Russian folk-ditty from guest contributor Galina Ryabova; portents from National Lampoon's "Bored of the Rings" by H N Beard & D C Kenney; a Romanian verse and two proverbs; and the Crumlin meteorite), WGN 32:2, 2004 April, pp. 63-64.
- Meteors in John Donne's poems, WGN 32:3, 2004 June, pp. 92-94.
- The Palladium (statue of the goddess Pallas Athene said to have fallen from the skies) in ancient and early medieval sources, WGN 32:4, 2004 August, pp. 117-121.
- Meteoric activity over Romania from 15th to 19th century manuscripts, WGN 32:5, 2004 October, pp. 143-146.
- Meteoric imagery in the works of William Blake, WGN 32:6, 2004 December, pp. 161-174.
- Meteors as love symbols (with guest author Richard Taibi; in Dante's "Paradiso", Millet's painting "The Shooting Stars", and M Parish & F Perkins' song "Stars Fell on Alabama"), WGN 33:1, 2005 February, pp. 30-32.
- Some quirky meteoric items from the Cambridge Conference Network's e-messages for the Project's second anniversary (the naga-fireballs of the Thai-Laos border; a meteorite fall 'poltergeist' in Lesotho; and some kind of possible ball-lightning fireballs in Iran), WGN 33:2, 2005 April, pp. 65-66.
- An eclectic meteoric compilation from two guest contributors, Guy Ottewell and Roy Watson (an old Arab saying; Middleton & Rowley's play "The Changeling"; Robert Herrick's poem "The Night-Piece"; Byron's play "Manfred"; Walt Whitman recalling US President Lincoln's memories of the 1833 Leonids; Gerard Manley Hopkins' record of the 1872 Andromedid storm; and Charles Frazier's novel "Cold Mountain"), WGN 33:3, 2005 June, pp. 90-92.
- Meteoric verse from Romanian poets Vasile Alecsandri, Mihai Eminescu and Lucian Blaga, WGN 33:4, 2005 August, pp. 108-110.
- Meteorite worship in the ancient Greek and Roman worlds (the Ancile, the Aegospotami fall, the Magna Mater, Anchises' "Holy Star", fallen stones in Pliny's "Natural History", the statue of Diana at Ephesus, fallen objects in Pausanias' "Description of Greece", and the black stone of Elagabalus from Emesa), WGN 33:5, 2005 October, pp. 135-144.
- Two articles in the 2005 December WGN (33:6, pp. 165-166 and 167-170) introduced a fresh strand to the Project, "Meteoric Imagery in SF", to tackle meteoric objects as used in films and TV programmes. We began with an introductory article, including a preliminary list of items of interest, and followed that with an article on H P Lovecraft's short story "The Colour Out Of Space", the basis for the 1965 film "Die, Monster, Die!", starring Boris Karloff in one of his last film roles.
- Meteoric imagery in the poems of John Milton, WGN 34:1, 2006 February, pp. 30-32.
- The third article in the "Meteoric Imagery in SF" strand, featuring some comments on four unintentionally humorous films to celebrate the Project's third anniversary: "Cat Women of the Moon" (1953), "Riders to the Stars" (1954), "The Astounding She-Monster" (1958) and "First Spaceship on Venus" (1960); in WGN 34:2, 2006 April, pp.58-60.
- Meteoric portents from the works of Livy and Julius Obsequens, covering the period 672 to 17 BC, WGN 34:3, 2006 June, pp. 94-100.
- Belarussian meteor folk-beliefs, including some contemporary research findings, by guest author Tsima Avilin, WGN 34:4, 2006 August, pp. 119-123.
- A set of four short articles in the 2006 October WGN, 34:5, pp. 143-152, formed a Hallowe'en Special. These included some notes on meteors as "goats" and "torches" in Classical texts; birth, life and death superstitions and beliefs associated with meteors in Romanian and British folklore (with guest contributor Roy Watson), and the Classical world from the 5th century BC to the 5th century AD; plus some meteoric notes with a macabre slant from Coleridge's "Rime of the Ancient Mariner", as also illustrated by Gustave Dore.
- The fourth item from the "Meteoric Imagery in SF" theme, an examination of meteoritic activity in two British TV serials, "Quatermass II" (1955), and the Doctor Who story "Spearhead from Space" (1970), including the novelizations of both, and the 1956 film version of "Quatermass II", with guest author Tony Markham, WGN 34:6, 2006 December, pp. 169-174.
- Detailed notes from Englishman William Fulke's text on meteors, entitled "A Goodly Gallerye", first published in 1563, WGN 35:1, 2007 February, pp. 23-28.
- To celebrate the Project's fourth anniversary, we presented the fifth "Meteoric Imagery in SF" article, concerning the 1955 movie "This Island Earth", including in its cut-down more recent version, a wise-cracking approach designed to poke fun at the more obvious flaws, "Mystery Science Theater 3000: The Movie" (1996).
- In WGN 35:3, 2007 June, pp. 66-68, we revisited the works of William Shakespeare (last discussed in 2003 August) to investigate three more of his plays that included meteoric imagery, "A Midsummer Night's Dream", "The Life and Death of King John" and "King Henry the Fourth" Part I, as well as the 16th-17th century AD stage effect of the 'blazing star', a sometimes possibly pyrotechnic cometary object, which featured as a portent in a number of plays (prepared with assistance from Project correspondent Roy Watson).
- Meteors as prognosticators of strong winds in Classical beliefs from the 4th century BC to the 1st century AD, featured in WGN 35:4, 2007 August, pp. 92-94.
- Guest author Tsima Avilin provided a series of East European meteor folk-beliefs in WGN 35:5, 2007 October, pp. 113-116, including notes from the Balkan states, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Lithuania, Russia and the Ukraine.
- The 2007 December WGN (35:6, pp. 139-142) contained meteoric notes from some early medieval European and Near Eastern annals, concerning events dated from 525 to 917 AD.
Forthcoming items
The Project's articles for 2008 have been designed around a general theme of meteorites and impacts, in a year-long commemoration of the Tunguska event over the Siberian taiga in June 1908. The catalyst for this concept came thanks to novelist Howard Hendrix, who contacted us in late 2006 to say he'd located some useful references for his latest book "Spears of God" (Del Rey, 2006) via the IMO website, the novel drawing on various real-world meteor beliefs, rewoven into a near-future fictional setting. Howard has contributed some notes for the Meteor Beliefs Project showing how he reused some of these elements in his book, which is intended to feature with some additional discussion in WGN for 2008 February. Anyone interested in finding out more about this novel and Howard's other work should see http://www.howardvhendrix.com . Amongst other items later this year, we hope to present examinations of beliefs concerning the Ensisheim meteorite fall of 1492 November, and regarding meteoritic iron weapons and tools.
Musical Meteors
One additional strand we would very much like to explore further concerns meteors as used in contemporary song lyrics. So far, we have collected only a relatively few items since starting to look into this in December 2005, including:
- The title track on Enya's "Amarantine" album (the catalyst for this element of the project; the song's last verse includes a reference to fallen stars as love shining in someone's eyes);
- Another Enya track "Fallen Embers", on her "A Day Without Rain" album;
- The P J Harvey song "One Line" from "Stories from the City, Stories from the Sea";
- Laura Veirs' "Year of Meteors" album, which aside from the intriguing title, features at least two possible references to meteors, in verse three of the track "Magnetized" ("...white spider stars comin' down..."), and verse two of "Black Gold Blues", which seems to be a superb poetic description of a fireball;
- Kate Bush's "Hello Earth" from her "Hounds of Love" album.
- A song by R W Gathman, released as a single in the USA, "Hot Rock Came to the Country", inspired by a great daylight bolide over the northeastern USA on 2001 July 23, and issued within three days of the event;
- The track "Emily" on Joanna Newsom's 2006 album "Ys", named for her sister, an astrophysicist, includes a very distinctive and precise, yet still marvellously poetic, definition of the terms 'meteor', 'meteoroid' and 'meteorite', and;
- The latest album from Laura Veirs, "Saltbreakers" (2007), where verse three of "Cast A Hook In Me" uses a meteor to define being still alive.
Jerry Lee Lewis's "Great Balls of Fire!" song appears to be a more straightforward sexual metaphor, rather than meteoric, but music, song and poetry is all about interpretation after all, and meteors have been used as sexual metaphors in the past, as we discussed in WGN 33:1 in 2005 February.
Any additional suggestions would be most welcome - we need the artist's name, track and album titles (where relevant), the publication date, and sufficient of the actual lyrics to give the context the meteoric reference is used in. Remember, we're interested not just in a simple mention of a meteor or two; we want to know why the meteoric reference is there as well, and what the lyricist wanted us to understand by the use of such imagery, where possible.
We'd even consider instrumentals, if relevant. The nearest we've come to anything like this so far (admittedly not very) are a couple of Chopin piano Etudes, Opus 25, Numbers 11 (in A minor) and especially 12 (in C minor). Number 11 was written in 1834, and is sometimes called today "The Winter Wind". These have rather "glittering"- or "brittle"-sounding right-hand passages at times, aside from a rolling, stormy feel, partly suggestive of stars or meteors. The dating might infer a knowledge of the American Leonid storm of 1833, but unfortunately, Etude Number 1 (Opus 10, in C major), written in late 1830, is very similar to Opus 25, Number 12. If anyone knows what Chopin's influences may have been - did he revisit the theme of No. 1 as No. 12 after learning of the 1833 Leonids, say? - we'd be interested to learn of it. There seems to be little else from the Classical music canon that relates to meteors otherwise. Or rather, little that we've come across so far... Perhaps you know differently?
Future plans
While we have a number of topics sketched out for possible publication over the next few years, we are always open to fresh, positive input. The International Year of Astronomy in 2009, with its stated aims of celebrating astronomy in its widest sense, including its contributions to society and culture, provides another potentially year-long focus for highlighting aspects of meteor beliefs, for instance. We would also like the chance to examine more non-European material, which has so far proven more elusive than we had anticipated, though we do have some information on African and Maori meteor beliefs we would like to verify and expand upon.
Making contact
The Meteor Beliefs Project Coordinators are Alastair McBeath and Andrei Dorian Gheorghe, who wrote the above notes on the Project, and who have either singly or jointly authored all the published articles listed here, where nobody else was mentioned.
Our postal contact details are given in each issue of WGN that features one or more Project articles, but you may contact us by e-mail too, via meteor@popastro.com. Messages sent to that address MUST be less than 150 kB in size however. If you have a larger file you wish to send, please let us know before you try e-mailing it, or contact the IMO Webmaster.
We look forward to seeing your meteoric quotes!